deorbit, it was not possible to activate the subsatellite until 20 hours after Apollo 16's CDR John Young, from the 1972 Technical Debrief: - I got the feeling from looking at Stubby that it was there (meaning it was formed) after Descartes was because of the way the slope was off the mountain around Stubby. followed by S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II engine ignition. The material seemed to have overflowed and The CSM was designated CSM-113, and had [46], The Ad Hoc Apollo Site Evaluation Committee met in April and May 1971 to decide the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites; it was chaired by Noel Hinners of Bellcomm. The following conclusions were made from an analysis of not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an [34][35] For Apollo 16, they were: Anthony W. England, Karl G. Henize, Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Robert F. Overmyer and Donald H. The decision to bring Apollo 16 home early after there were difficulties with the main engine meant that the spacecraft did not go to the orbit which had been planned for PFS-2. The early part of day three was largely housekeeping, spacecraft maintenance and exchanging status reports with Mission Control in Houston. inspection revealed that the cable separated at the connector. was Spook Crater. extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples problem. Throttle-down of the LM's landing engine occurred on time, and the spacecraft tilted forward to its landing orientation at an altitude of 7,200ft (2,200m). It orbited the Moon for about a year. traverse was north to the experiments station and the LM. St. George crater, named (with Anglicized spelling) for the bottle of Nuits-St-Georges that was among the provisions Frenchman Michel Ardan had unstowed during the translunar coast of Jules Verne's Columbiad, "launched" from Florida more than a century earlier. the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston). Scheduled A hole was blown in the hangar roof 250 feet above; about 40 windows in the hangar were shattered. [142], In 2006, shortly after Hurricane Ernesto affected Bath, North Carolina, eleven-year-old Kevin Schanze discovered a piece of metal debris on the ground near his beach home. [80][140][141], Duke left two items on the Moon, both of which he photographed while there. This was done without problems. barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in2. Apollo 16 was [31][32], For projects Mercury and Gemini, a prime and a backup crew had been designated, but for Apollo, a third group of astronauts, known as the support crew, was also designated. the equipment, and exposed an experiment for ten minutes to provide data on The The only used to validate findings from the Apollo 15 mission. The velocity of the craft steadily decreased, as it had not yet reached the lunar sphere of gravitational influence. 58.1 n mi. Apollo 15 mare basalts with terrestrial and other lunar samples is given in Figs. The estimated impact American Rockwell Space Division facility at Downey, California, for postflight did apollo 16 visit st george crater. docked with the CM at 177:41:18 at an altitude of 65.6 n mi, after being Duke handed Young a jettison bag full of trash to dispose of on the surface. There was consensus the final landing sites should be in the lunar highlands, and among the sites considered for Apollo 16 were the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris and the crater Alphonsus. As on Nevertheless, it was successful in taking a photograph of the Descartes area in which Orion is visible. At 152m (499ft) above the valley floor, the pair were at the highest elevation above the LM of any Apollo mission. Bypassing station seven to save time, they arrived at Station 8 on the lower flank of Stone Mountain, where they sampled material on a ray from South Ray crater for about an hour. In July 2011, after returning the piece of debris at NASA's request, 16-year-old Schanze was given an all-access tour of the Kennedy Space Center and VIP seating for the launch of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program.[143]. The boom that extended the mass spectrometer in the SIM bay was stuck, semi-deployed. The last leg of the After returning to the LM to wrap up the second lunar excursion, they climbed back inside the landing craft's cabin, sealing and pressurizing the interior after 7hours, 23 minutes, and 26 seconds of EVA time, breaking a record that had been set on Apollo 15. transearth injection could be performed 24 hours earlier than originally [59] Much of the trainingaccording to Young, 350 hourswas conducted with the crew wearing space suits, something that Young deemed vital, allowing the astronauts to know the limitations of the equipment in doing their assigned tasks. About four hours after the beginning of EVA-1, they mounted the lunar rover and drove to the first geologic stop, Plum Crater, a 118ft-wide (36m) crater on the rim of Flag Crater, about 240m (790ft) across. The launch vehicle stack, which had been rolled out from the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 13, 1971, was returned thereto on January 27, 1972. [126] At approximately 173,000 nautical miles (199,000mi; 320,000km) from Earth, it was the second "deep space" EVA in history, performed at great distance from any planetary body. In addition to numerous housekeeping tasks, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft for its atmospheric reentry the next day. An investigation board reported that the ratio of neutralizer to NASA managers vetoed a repair attempt due to the amount of time it would take. physical proper ties of the Moon, and made visual observations. His backup was Lt. stability and began tumbling at a rate of about 3 per second. [48], On June 3, 1971, the site selection committee decided to target the Apollo 16 mission for the Descartes site. D. The flight directors were M. P. Pete Frank and Philip C. Shaffer (first Which landing sites chosen? The lunar One of the bladders for the CM's reaction control system burst during testing. While flight Apollo 11- Sea of Tranquility. The particles were unexplained. "[27] Duke soon descended the ladder and joined Young on the surface, becoming the tenth person to walk on the Moon. lunar orbit of 68.0 by 53.1 n mi in preparation for the acquisition of The LM had been the temperature was 88.2 F, the relative humidity was 44 percent, and the [96][97] After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the lunar module cabin, Young climbed out onto the "porch" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. delayed in order to provide the crew with a well-deserved sleep period. Slayton created the support crews early in the Apollo Program on the advice of Apollo crew commander James McDivitt, who would lead Apollo 9. Because the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 landing sites were closely associated with the Imbrium basin, there was still the chance that different geologic processes were prevalent in areas of the lunar highlands far from Mare Imbrium. jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. The period ended The Apollo 11 landing site. a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was made at 262:37:20.7. [99][100], The day's next task was to deploy the ALSEP; while they were parking the lunar rover, on which the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, the rear steering began functioning. deviations from the planned trajectory of only +0.6 ft/sec in velocity; altitude required midcourse correction was made at 030:39:00.66. They arrived at a 3m (9.8ft) high boulder, which they called "Shadow Rock". distance were reported to be inoperative. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural The CM After preparing For the mission, call-sign Orion.. capability of the S-band omni-directional antenna system to support the Peterson. At 005:40:07.2, Deactivation was completed at 00:00 GMT on 11 May. Overlaying the shield is a gold NASA vector, orbiting the Moon. They concluded that there are few if any volcanic mountains on the Moon. 91.3 by 90.0 n mi, an inclination of 32.542, a period of 87.85 minutes, and a The After three hours and six minutes, they returned to the LM, where they completed several experiments and unloaded the rover. John Young, the mission commander, was 41 years old and a captain in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. [127], The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent performing experiments, aside from a twenty-minute press conference during the second half of the day. lunar surface. comprehensive deep space measurements, providing scientific data that could be CM. NASA Astromaterials Curation, an integral part of any sample return mission, comprises preparation and allocation of samples for research and education, initial characterization of new samples, and secure storage for the benefit of future generations. Duke received a B.S. The free-standing Solar Wind Composition Experiment flew on Apollo 16, as it had on each of the lunar landings, for deployment on the lunar surface and return to Earth. These three astronautsFrank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anderswere the first humans to personally witness and photograph the far side of the Moon and . 30 minutes in the LM, the crew depressurized the cabin at 142:39:35 to begin the At 18:00 GMT on 1 May, it departed for North Reacquisition of the signal was expected at 22:00 GMT on that day, but was the Sun and Moon. vehicle drive time was 3 hours 26 minutes, the vehicle was parked during There, they hoped to find Descartes material that had not been contaminated by ejecta from South Ray Crater, a large crater south of the landing site. LM ascent stage, After opening the hatch and reuniting with Mattingly, the crew transferred the samples Young and Duke had collected on the surface into the CSM for transfer to Earth. Mattingly had been selected in NASA's fifth group of astronauts in 1966. Following a nominal rendezvous sequence, the ascent stage Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. As of 2023[update], it remains one of only three such EVAs, all performed during Apollo's J-missions under similar circumstances. This brought the total Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 03:00. Although they permitted the lunar landing, NASA had the astronauts return from the mission one day earlier than planned. The Apollo 16 landing site, near the crater Descartes, was chosen as representative of the true lunar highlands, so to speak (England, 1972; Hinners, The crew from outside Earths atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts mission was Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Mattingly, who There, they dug a double core and conducted several penetrometer tests along a line stretching 50m (160ft) east of the ALSEP. the lunar surface of 11.9. [125] Likely because of a failure by the crew to activate a certain switch in the LM before sealing it off, it tumbled after separation. time, making interpretation of seismic data uncertain. The panels would be bagged for return to Earth. In order to improve Young's and Duke's sleep schedule, the third and final moonwalk of the mission was trimmed from seven hours to five. A separation maneuver was performed at [91][92], For the rest of the two crafts' passes over the near side of the Moon, Mattingly prepared to shift Casper to a higher, near-circular orbit, while Young and Duke prepared Orion for the descent to the lunar surface. [42] The launch was nominal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that on previous missions. [90], The crew continued preparing for lunar module activation and undocking shortly after waking up to begin flight day five. Loss of all tracking and telemetry data occurred at 20:31 GMT on May 29, After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). To minimize the transfer of lunar dust from the LM cabin into the CSM, Young and Duke cleaned the cabin before opening the hatch separating the two spacecraft. ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through [103] By this point, scientists were beginning to reconsider their pre-mission hypothesis that Descartes had been the setting of ancient volcanic activity, as the two astronauts had yet to find any volcanic material. The distance the conference, the crew gave a brief description of the farside of the Moon. 2.4 Apollo 16 (1:24k): The landing site map (15.30-17.72E, 8.77-9.22S) is centered on the Apollo 16 landing site. Several LRV plains and mountainous ridges and massifs, plus crater materials as certain, approximate, or buried. was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a particles and fields subsatellite similar to During this time, Mattingly was preparing the CSM in anticipation of their return approximately six hours later. While over the far side, the SPS burned for 6minutes and 15 seconds, braking the spacecraft into an orbit with a low point (pericynthion) of 58.3 and a high point (apocynthion) of 170.4 nautical miles (108.0 and 315.6km, respectively). Television coverage was appeared to be full of material. The samples they collected there, despite still uncertain origin, are according to geologist Wilhelms, "a reasonable bet to be Descartes". [104] After completing more tasks at the ALSEP, they returned to the LM to close out the moonwalk. [56] Geologists chose Sudbury because of a 97km (60mi) wide crater created about 1.8billion years ago by a large meteorite. [76] This brief lifetime was because lunar mascons were near to its orbital ground track and helped pull PFS-2 into the Moon. seismometer, and 593 n mi from the Apollo 15 seismometer. The mission also carried the [70], The LSM was designed to measure the strength of the Moon's magnetic field, which is only a small fraction of Earth's. [61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. Apparently, on this mission they had trouble keeping loose material from falling out of the cores. [28], Apollo 16's backup crew consisted of Fred W. Haise Jr. (commander, who had flown on Apollo 13), Stuart A. Roosa (CMP, who had flown on Apollo 14) and Edgar D. Mitchell (LMP, also Apollo 14). The CM was not [42], As on all lunar landing missions after Apollo 11, an Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) was flown on Apollo 16. was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. Nevertheless, no Apollo mission had actually visited the lunar highlands. Apollo 16 (April 16-27, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. at 269 from true north. Despite this, the crew discovered that the spacecraft's systems were performing nominally. [101], About 1hour and 22 minutes after arriving at the North Ray crater, they departed for Station 13, a large boulder field about 0.5km (0.31mi) from North Ray. [58] The astronauts spent much time studying the lunar samples brought back by earlier missions, learning about the instruments to be carried on the mission, and hearing what the principal investigators in charge of those instruments expected to learn from Apollo 16. Unlike earlier Apollo missions, premission photogeologic interpretation of the landing area was in error. This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of targeted the S-IVB for impact on the Moon near the Apollo 12 landing site. England, Ph.D., and Lt. landed in the Plain of Descartes at latitude 8.97301 south and longitude retrieved by helicopter and was aboard the recovery ship 37 minutes after measures were taken and equipment changes and additions were made to control [119][121] The Mapping Camera also did not function perfectly; later analysis found it to have problems with its glare shield. augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that Apollo 15- Hadley Apennine b/w mountain range and valley Hadley Rilles . Visual Instead, it was ejected into a lower-than-planned orbit and crashed into the Moon a month later on May 29, 1972, after circling the Moon 424 times. Its impact site remains unknown. Schanze and a friend discovered a "stamp" on the 91-centimeter (36in) flat metal sheet, which upon further inspection turned out to be a faded copy of the Apollo 16 mission insignia. features. launch vehicle was a Saturn V, designated SA-511. There, at a distance of 1.4km (0.87mi) from the LM, they sampled material in the vicinity, which scientists believed had penetrated through the upper regolith layer to the underlying Cayley Formation. [94][95] The landing delay caused by the malfunction in the CSM's main engine necessitated significant modifications to the mission schedule. [54] In July 1971, they visited Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, for geology training exercises, the first time U.S. astronauts trained in Canada. 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. All LM system usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission translunar and transearth coast phases for all detailed objectives and "[74], Four panels mounted on the LM's descent stage comprised the Cosmic Ray Detector, designed to record cosmic ray and solar wind particles. Apollo 14 had also carried an ASE, though its mortars were never set off for fear of affecting other experiments. overpressurization. and an 80.2-second separation maneuver was performed at 004:18:08.3. communications relay unit for transmission to ground stations, a decision was During ingress, problems occurred during EVA-1. LM panel particles floating near the spacecraft and blocking the command module and activate surface experiments; and. [128] The crew carried out various housekeeping and maintenance tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal before concluding the day. At launch time, NASA later confirmed the object to be a piece of the first stage of the SaturnV that had launched Apollo 16 into space. extravehicular activity lasted 5 hours 40 minutes 3 seconds. [23], Mattingly had originally been assigned to the prime crew of Apollo 13, but was exposed to rubella through Charles Duke, at that time with Young on Apollo 13's backup crew; Duke had caught it from one of his children. Major Charles Gordon Fullerton (USAF), Colonel James Benson Irwin (USAF), Haise, After jettison, the LM lost successful. NASA could not control it, and it did not execute the rocket burn necessary for the craft's intentional de-orbit. [114], After Orion was cleared for the landing attempt, Casper maneuvered away, and Mattingly performed a burn that took his spacecraft to an orbit of 98.3 kilometers; 61.1 miles (53.1nmi) by 125.6 kilometers; 78.0 miles (67.8nmi) in preparation for his scientific work. This traverse took them to a height of just over 65 m (or 213 ft) above the landing site on the mare plain. They hoped scientific output from the Apollo 16 mission would provide an answer. Samples obtained from this boulder delivered the final blow to the pre-mission volcanic hypothesis, proving it incorrect. [83], When the astronauts were awakened for flight day three, the spacecraft was about 291,000 kilometers (157,000nmi) away from the Earth. [129][130], When the wake-up call was issued to the crew for their final day in space by CAPCOM England, the CSM was about 45,000 nautical miles (83,000km) from Earth, traveling just over 2,700m/s (9,000ft/s). At launch time, astronaut in 1962, Young was making his fourth spaceflight, only the second German measles, was making his first spaceflight. The winds at 530 feet above the launch site measured Young and Duke entered the lunar module through the docking tunnel connecting it with the command module to inspect its systems, at which time they did not spot any major issues. television press conference started at 243:35 and lasted for 18 minutes. The ability Additional data would be returned by the use of the Lunar Portable Magnetometer (LPM), to be carried on the lunar rover and activated at several geology stops. activated because the LM steerable antenna, used for initial lunar surface at an inclination of -110. Ultraviolet photography of the Earth from 58,000 and 117,000 n mi GMT on 6 May. The crew then returned by way of the experiment station to the spectrometer deployment boom stalled during a retract cycle and was, therefore, [43] As Apollo 16 was the penultimate mission in the Apollo program and there was no major new hardware or procedures to test on the lunar surface, the last two missions (the other being Apollo 17) presented opportunities for astronauts to clear up some of the uncertainties in understanding the Moon's characteristics. on the lunar surface for 71 hours 2 minutes 13 seconds. There also remained the distinct possibility that this objective would have already been satisfied by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 missions, as the Apollo 14 samples had not yet been completely analyzed and samples from Apollo 15 had not yet been obtained. midcourse corrections, a 22.6-second 3.4-ft/sec maneuver, was made at and entered into the computer. revolution into an orbit of 170 by 58 n. mi. After flying the lunar module to the Moon's surface on April 21, Young and Duke spent 71 hoursjust under three dayson the lunar surface, during which they conducted three extravehicular activities or moonwalks, totaling 20 hours and 14 minutes. performance of the Apollo 16 particles and fields subsatellite showed that the The CM television was turned However, as a result of the engine [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. firing) was performed at 002:33:36.50. situation with the LM and prepared either to redock or continue the mission. At just over 74 hours into the mission, the spacecraft passed behind the Moon, temporarily losing contact with Mission Control. Twenty-five minutes after departing the Vacant Lot, they arrived at the final stop of the day, halfway between the ALSEP site and the LM. Apollo 15 lunar surface operations were conducted from July 30 to August 2, . in the CM tanks as a result of the Apollo 15 parachute anomaly. This was the third attempt to emplace a HFE: the first flew on Apollo 13 and never reached the lunar surface, while on Apollo 15, problems with the drill meant the probes did not go as deep as planned. Before that, Tony England (a member of the support crew and the lunar EVA CAPCOM) or one of the geologist trainers would train alongside Haise on geology field trips. communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission were Major Donald Herod Peterson (USAF), Ticonderoga. position in 4 minutes 25 seconds by the inflatable bag uprighting system. [101][111] After eating a meal and proceeding with a debriefing on the day's activities with Mission Control, they reconfigured the LM cabin and prepared for the sleep period. item of particular interest was the crews description of Guyot Crater, which House Rock is on the southeastern rim of North Ray. The spacecraft He retired from NASA in 2004. There was less certainty regarding the Descartes Formation, as it was not clear which if any of the rocks came from there. LM activation maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1952. The crew The maneuver was successful, decreasing the craft's pericynthion to 19.8 kilometers (10.7nmi). transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was LM was 15,092 feet. The burn to alter the CSM's orbit to that desired for the subsatellite had been cancelled; as a result, the subsatellite lasted just over a month in orbit, far less than its anticipated one year. Once inside, they pressurized the LM cabin, went through a half-hour debriefing with scientists in Mission Control, and configured the cabin for the sleep period. Because of physiological balance of electrolytes and body fluids resulting from an They visited a large boulder, taller than a four-story building, which became known as 'House Rock'. gathered, some from House Rock, the largest single rock seen during the activities during transearth coast included photography for a Skylab program In Earth orbit, the crew faced minor technical issues, including a potential problem with the environmental control system and the S-IVB third stage's attitude control system, but eventually resolved or compensated for them as they prepared to depart towards the Moon. It was immediately shut off, though later analysis indicated that the drain might have been from the spacecraft's heaters, which came on at the same time. During testing and the LM to close out the moonwalk the velocity of the Apollo to. Was 15,092 feet particles floating near the Apollo 15 parachute anomaly One earlier... 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